What a gravel bar records after a flood
An exposed gravel bar holds traces of material carried, deposited and left in place. Its stones tell a fuller flood story when read with the river's earlier shape and flow record.
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The changing shape of a meander
A river bend changes as flow scours banks, builds and erodes bars, and sometimes cuts a shortcut across its floodplain. Its shape keeps an uneven record.
Why a floodplain needs more than a boundary line
A mapped flood line represents one modelled water level. Depth, rainfall history, changing channels and floodplain life show why a river's low ground needs a fuller description.
The sediment a reservoir holds back
A reservoir slows a river enough to store sand, gravel and silt. That deposit takes up water-storage space and changes the supply reaching channels and coasts downstream; surveys show why the outcome differs from one dam to another.
A river gauge measures height before it measures flow
A streamflow graph depends on field measurements and a changing relationship between height and discharge. Floods and ice show why that relationship needs care.